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Monument Types

• CATHEDRAL (MEDIEVAL - 1066 AD to 1539 AD (between))
• CATHEDRAL (POST MEDIEVAL - 1540 AD to 1900 AD (between))

Associated Events

• Cathedral crypt (Ref: WCM100028)
• Worcester Cathedral: SE tower pier and 'Worcester pilgrim' (Ref: WCM100029)
• Worcester Cathedral: SW tower pier excavation (Ref: WCM100304)
• Worcester Cathedral: NW tower pier excavation (Ref: WCM100305)
• Worcester Cathedral: Excavation, crypt S aisle (Ref: WCM100306)
• Worcester Cathedral: Excavation, crypt S aisle (Ref: WCM100307)
• Worcester Cathedral: NE tower pier excavation (Ref: WCM100308)
• Worcester Cathedral: Excavation of crypt staircase (Ref: WCM100309)
• Worcester Cathedral: N quire triforium (Ref: WCM100310)
• Worcester Cathedral: Excavation of crypt N aisle (Ref: WCM100311)
• Worcester Cathedral: GPR survey, east end of nave (Ref: WCM100312)
• Worcester Cathedral: GPR survey, NW transept (Ref: WCM100313)
• Worcester Cathedral: NW transept elevations (Ref: WCM100314)
• Worcester Cathedral: SW transept, external elevations (Ref: WCM100315)
• Worcester Cathedral: SW transept, inner east elevation (Ref: WCM100316)
• Worcester Cathedral: nave roof (Ref: WCM100317)
• Worcester Cathedral: W nave (Ref: WCM100320)
• Worcester Cathedral: west end of nave (Ref: WCM100321)
• Worcester Cathedral: building survey - south nave elevation (Ref: WCM100322)
• Worcester Cathedral: Building survey - south nave elevation (Ref: WCM100323)
• Excavation, Worcester Cathedral sanctuary (Ref: WCM100345)
• Geophysical survey, Worcester Cathedral sanctuary (Ref: WCM100346)
• Worcester Cathedral west front (Ref: WCM100347)
• Cathedral crossing (Ref: WCM100490)
• Cathedral wallpaintings (Ref: WCM100491)
• Cathedral roofs (Ref: WCM100650)
• Eighteenth-century monuments, Worcester Cathedral (Ref: WCM101948)
• Cathedral nave aisles GPR survey (Ref: WCM102235)
• Cathedral nave GPR survey (Ref: WCM102200)

Protected Status

• Listed Building

Full description

The Cathedral church of St Mary, incorporating work from c.1084 to the present: monument description is a summary only, based principally on Barker and Romain 2001.

Wulfstan's church: origins / extent / general form.
Bishop Wulfstan's church was begun in 1084 to accommodate a monastic community expanded from twelve to around fifty monks and their liturgical needs. Enough of it had been completed by 1089 - most probably the eastern arm and crypt - to allow the monks to move in and the preceding church to be demolished (see WCM 96369). Enough remains of the early Norman building to show that its footprint was the same as the present building, excepting the choir and eastern transepts, and it had a crossing tower. Column bases outside the (rebuilt) west door demonstrate the westward extent of the early Norman church. The north (main) door was in the same position as later versions, and was the same width. There is documentary evidence for a large two-storey porch over it. The nave probably had an open timber roof; the chancel was probably barrel vaulted {1}.

The crypt.
Excavations in the crypt in 1986-7 (WCM 100309) showed that the exterior of the church was rendered and whitewashed and painted with false masonry joints. The crypt itself consists of a nave of seven bays, surrounded by an ambulatory running around the eastern apse. Flanking polygonal chapels projected from the north-east and south-east sides and probably from the east end on the central axis, with longer chapels to the west on the north and south sides. The south-east chapel was found by excavations in 1974 and 1986-7 inside and outside the south choir aisle (WCM 100265 and 100309). Original access to the crypt was via stairways down to its aisles from the north and south transepts {2} {3}.

The church / triforium level / crossing tower.
Work principally by Richard Gem has shown that full triforium galleries (as opposed to the later triforium passages) ran around the whole of the church including the choir. Half-galleries extended across both original transepts {4}. A semi-circular respond of the choir north triforium gallery was found in building work in 1991 (WCM 100310). Work on the crossing piers in the 1980s (WCM 100304, 100305, 100308) found the massive uncoursed rubble bases of the piers of Wulfstan's central tower {5} {6}.

Late 12th-century work: the western bays of the nave / the crossing tower.
A documentary reference to the collapse in 1175 of the new tower (nova turris) probably refers to an abortive heightening of the crossing tower. The excavations at the crossing piers (see above) identified foundations, incorporating re-used early Norman masonry) stratified between the primary rubble foundations of Wulfstan's tower, and the base of the present tower piers {5} {6}. At about the same time the two western bays of the nave were remodelled in contemporary early Transitional style and the triforium gallery replaced with a narrow triforium passage {9}.

The 13th-century choir and east end.
In 1224 Bishop William of Blois replanned the east end with a new choir, a lady chapel and eastern transepts. The new east end was given a triforium passage rather than a gallery, and altars formerly accommodated at that level may have been moved to the new transepts. The work - all in the Early English style - may have been associated with the promotion of the cult of St Wulfstan and the encouragement of pilgrim traffic to his shrine, St Oswald's, and the tomb of King John installed in 1216. Construction work probably continued into the 1240s. There are visible construction breaks between the new transepts and lady chapel, and the choir, derived from the construction of the former in advance of the demolition and replacement of Wulfstan's choir {10} {11}.

The nave/14th-century work.
Rebuilding of the western arm of the church (in the Decorated style) commenced c.1317-1320 in the north aisle and continued, though interrupted, for around seventy years. The outer wall was refenestrated with reticulated tracery and the north nave arcade was rebuilt, in the new style but with design affinities with the choir. At least the two eastern bays of the north aisle and the Jesus Chapel were revaulted in the time of Bishop Cobham, c.1327. The south nave arcade, the south aisle vault and windows, and the triforium and clerestory in nave bays 3 and 4 (counting from west) were rebuilt later in the century, maybe after an interval at the time of the Black Death, in the Perpendicular style. A construction break is evident in the north face of the north wall at triforium level. The nave is said to have been vaulted in 1377 though investigation of the roof has shown a more complex and unresolved sequence (see below); the library built at triforium level above the south aisle at the same time {12} {13}.

The crossing tower.
The third (present) crossing tower was commenced in 1374, raised on diamond-shaped piers superimposed on the smaller Norman footings. The crossing arches were built at the same height as the nave and choir vaults. The architectural styles evident in the tower are unusual, with Decorated-style tracery in the upper levels and Perpendicular in the lower levels. Internal arcades in the central stage of the tower may either have been intended to be open, or may have been a way of reducing the weight of the structure; flying buttresses were introduced separately into the adjoining nave arcade bays at different times to provide extra stiffening. Prince Arthur's Chantry, built in 1504, was the last pre-Reformation addition to the cathedral church {14} {15}.

Impacts of the Reformation and the Civil War.
The Cathedral Priory was dissolved in 1539. The shrine of Our Lady of Worcester had already been despoiled in 1537; the shrines of St Oswald and St Wulfstan were demolished in 1538 and their relics reburied at the north end of the High Altar; an excavation there in 1971 (WCM 100345) failed to find them. In 1547 most of the images in the church were removed. In 1551 the liturgical choir was shortened, the stalls removed from under the crossing and the eastern two nave bays. Military occupation of the cathedral in 1642 brought about large-scale damage to windows, fixtures & fittings. Roof timbers and lead covering were removed from (in addition to precinct buildings) the south choir chapels and east transept. Cathedral rents were restored to it at the Restoration in 1660 to finance urgent repairs {16}.

Pre-Victorian restoration and repair.
A major repair programme took place in 1712-1715: the outer walls were cased; tower pinnacles rebuilt and the interior strengthened; pinnacle spires were added to give extra mass and stability. The sacrist's lodging adjoining the north choir aisle was removed (see WCM 100295). A second 18th-century repair campaign took place between 1748 and 1756 when the north end of the north transept was rebuilt. Flying buttresses were added to the east end of the cathedral between 1736-89. Large sums were spent annually between 1818 and 1834 but appear not to have addressed major structural defects like the failure of principal roof timbers {17}.

Victorian restoration.
The major campaign under A. E. Perkins, the cathedral's architect, began in 1857, and was continued after his death in 1864 by Sir George Gilbert Scott. Perkins' work included removal of many late medieval and later 'bad' replacement features and remedial works, including window tracery, screens, buttresses and pinnacles. In 1855-56 Perkins restored the Lady Chapel and replaced the east windows in Early English style. The west end and west window were rebuilt in 1863-5. After 1864 the central tower was strengthened; the outer walls were taken down, probably to roof level, and rebuilt with new detailing and a raised parapet and pinnacles. The front wall of the north porch was taken down and rebuilt in 1865, contemporary with the improvement and lowering of the lay cemetery outside (see WCM 96385). The structural repairs were completed in 1868, and work on the interior, its fixtures and fittings and arrangement, commenced under G G Scott. This work was completed in 1874 and the cathedral re-opened with great ceremony {18} {19}.

Roof structures.
The nave roof has been surveyed and dendro-dated by Gavin Simpson. There are 19 principal trusses of 4 or 5 different designs, with three pairs of purlins and 5 to 7 common rafters per bay. Original components re-used in later (mid-17th and 18th-century) assemblies allow the medieval (14th-C) truss forms to be reconstructed. These show an original roof pitch of 55 degrees, as per the present roof; the trusses consisting of principals with collars at two levels, the lower collars braced by soulaces jointed into ashlar pieces, bracing the feet of the principals, rising from sole plates on the wall tops. Dendro-dates indicate a chronological span of 1182 to 1291, suggesting a felling date between 1300 and 1335 from estimates of missing sapwood rings, thus earlier than the accepted date for the nave vaults. Simpson drew attention to anomalies in the masonry of the nave vaulting suggestive of a complex history of construction and re-construction {20}.


List description:

COLLEGE STREET Cathedral Church of St Mary
SO8554NW
620-1/17/1
22/05/54
(Formerly Listed as: Cathedral Church of Christ and St Mary)

GV I

Cathedral Church, formerly Benedictine Priory.

Crypt from 1084, some remains of same date in W transept and first 2 bays West end of nave. West transept and part of 2 bays at west end of nave c1175. Choir, east transept, Lady Chapel, presbytery, 1224-1250. Nave with aisles 1317-1377; central tower from 1374, and north porch from 1386, substantial restoration 1857-1863, by AE Perkins and GG Scott. Few medieval designers are identified, but include Alexander the Mason c1224-1240 (nave west bays), William Shockerwick, c1317-1324 (nave north arcade), and John Clyve, 1376/77 (nave south arcade and central tower).

MATERIALS: construction mainly in Highly and Alveley sandstones, with some Cotswold oolite, and Purbeck marble, many of the vault panels are in tufa, roof slate, including Penrhyn slate.

PLAN: east end includes substantial remains of the early crypt, formerly with radial chapels and outer ambulatory.Principal church has 9-bay nave and aisles with deep north porch and a single bay chapel also on north side. West transept and east transept, both without aisles, 4-bay choir with aisles, 3-bay Lady Chapel, and 2-bay Chapel of St John, central crossing tower. South of the nave are the cloister,
with Chapter House and former frater (now King's School Hall qv)).

EXTERIOR: exterior of the cathedral was very largely refaced during C19 restoration work, and both central tower and eastern arm substantially restructured or refaced - the sandstones used being relatively soft, and subject to reject rapid weatherings. However, original medieval detail remains in most areas. The gables are coped, and parapets are mostly plain, with saddle-back weathered copings and a lower string course, the northwest transept is an exception. The following description will begin at the west end and work to the east.

NAVE - WEST END: central gable over 3 tall rectangular lights and a very large 8-light 'Decorated' window of the C19, flanked by square buttresses surmounted by octagonal turrets with open pinnacles. The big west door, also of C19 but with some remnants of Norman work, has a high gable breaking into the bottom part of the window. To each side the aisle terminations with square corner turrets to octagonal pinnacles, and each with a round-arched light with later tracery above a large 4-light window.

NAVE - NORTH SIDE: first 2-bays of the clerestory have round-arched lights with tracery, in masonry of various dates, remainder are small 3-light with stopped drips in flat 4-centred arches. The aisle, right of the porch, has a 3-light pointed then a 3-light with stepped transoms, and with straight-sided arch. These bays with heavy flying buttresses, supporting a wall of early masonry in small blocks. 2 further bays having simpler 3-light to cusped heads in pointed arches.Bay 5 has the bold square 2-bay porch with almost plain flanks, and rich north front, rebuilt by Scott, and having statues by Redfern. Interior is vaulted, and inner door, flanked by Norman responds, has a narrow Dec cusped head above the C19 doors set in plain masonry to a very flat basket arch. Left of the porch are 2 bays with 3-light Dec windows under small rectangular lights, with deep buttress between, then the single bay projecting chapel with corner buttresses and large 3-light to the North wall. Beyond this is a further aisle bay.

NAVE - SOUTH SIDE: the first 2-bays are similar to those to the North, incorporating older masonry, then 7 clerestory bays with 3-light windows to straight-sided arches and stopped drips, and two flying buttresses. The aisle has two 2-light traceried rectangular windows to each bay, but one 3-light in the arches, set deep with broad casement mould, and with stopped drips. Plain square buttresses divide the bays. At the lower level is the north walk of the cloister (qv).

WEST TRANSEPT - NORTH ARM: the high gabled north wall has 3 small rectangular lights above a prominent horizontal string, then a large C19 Decorated 4-light window to sill string, carried round to the returns. To each side is a square turret with nook shafting, crowned by tall octagonal turrets with pinnacles. The W and E sides have two 4-light in Mannerist panelling including ogee heads and with a crenellated parapet. The east side also has a deep 4-light with transom and 4-centred head.

SOUTH ARM: this differs greatly in detail from the north arm, having an 'Early English' plate tracery window in the south wall, below the high gable with rectangular lights, and to heavy octagonal corner turrets without pinnacles. The west side has a small 4-light in panelling as to the north, then a very long 4-light with 2 transoms, all this set to masonry of widely varied dates. The east side has a high rectangular window in a larger 4-centred opening, and weathered offset at sill level, below are roofs of ancillary buildings. The bold crossing tower rises to 59.7m (169ft), and has 4 identical faces. It is in 2 stages, with a lofty 8-bay Perp blind arcade below two large 2-buttresses with pinnacles rise to tall octagonal main pinnacles, linked by 7-bay traceried parapets to a horizontal coping. Although substantially rebuilt in the C19, the medieval detail has been convincingly retained. The eastern arm externally is mainly C19 work, it has plain coped parapets carried on a continuous corbel-table of tri-lobed arches, and windows are generally formed in pale limestone contrasting with the sandstone walling. The east end has 5 above 5 lancets, the upper row stepped, and a large open trefoil in the gable, all flanked by square buttresses crowned by open octagonal turrets with plain pinnacles, these are repeated on the gable ends of the east transept. The east end has a single bay return with a single lancet at 2 levels, then the ends of the Lady Chapel aisles. The main body has stepped in a containing arch at aisle level, with triple lancets to the 2-bay chapel on the south side. On the north side of the choir is a very large ground level flying buttress below the original flying buttress. The transepts have triple lancets at 2 levels, the upper one stepped, and on the returns a similar configuration in the first bay with a single small lancet above the aisles. Square buttresses with weathered heads have small nook shafts.

INTERIOR: the description begins with the earliest unit - the crypt, then proceeds from east to west. The crypt - the central vessel is in 4 aisles with apsidal end, small monolithic columns with square bases and cushion capitals carry plastered groined vaults with broad transverse arches, with a central and 2 outer rows. This is contained within thick walls with attached half-columns in bedded stone, and arched doorways to outer aisles, also with a central row of columns and responds. Remains of a south side chapel are at the west end, with early stairs to the west transept, and a C20 stair flight gives access at the east end, adjacent to Prince Arthur's Chapel, here also are some excavated remains of a former pentagonal chapel, including some early wall painting.

The church is stone vaulted throughout, principally ribbed quadripartite, and neither plastered nor painted except to the East arm. Floors are generally C19 black and white marble.

Nave, choir and Lady Chapel are in three storeys, with aisles. The east arm makes extensive use of Purbeck marble, main arcades carry richly moulded arches, those to the choir with some embellishment, and wider than in the Lady Chapel. The triforium above a Purbeck string, is in paired double lights with varied carved spandrel figures, in front of a simpler continuous blind arcade which is carried through in an independent rhythm. The clerestory, also above a Purbeck string, has a triple stepped opening with Purbeck shafts, and wall passage. The vault, with a longitudinal ridge rib, retains the C19 Hardman painted decoration, and is carried on Purbeck shafts taken down to the level of the arcade capitals. The shallow single bay sanctuary to the Lady Chapel has tall lancets at two levels, on three sides. The aisles have simple quadripartite vaulting, and wall arcading in the eastern half and east transept.

In the east transept the 3 storey treatment is carried into the first bay, with 2 level lancets in the outer bay and the end walls, all with an inner Purbeck screen and wall passage. The east crossing piers have banded Purbeck shafts to the full height.

The main crossing has tall unbroken multi-shaft piers carrying pointed arches in four orders, and crowned by an unusual lierne vault, plastered and painted. West transept reflects continuous growth and alteration from the time of Wulfstan to the C19, with a mix of masonry, and occasional remnants of detail built into the walls. Both arms have ribbed vaults with diagonal and ridge ribs, with some liernes in the south arm, the joints in the severy panels are very prominent. In each arm the east wall retains a bold Norman arch with the 2-bay St John's Chapel, which was part of the great 1224 extension. The upper parts of these walls include rectilinear inner screening to windows. The west walls have much plain masonry, with sharply cut rectilinear blind panelling above the aisle arches. In the NW corner of the north arm is a prominent circular stair turret from early work, but the large window is C19. This arm contains many wall monuments. The south arm has a triple lancet to its south wall. The nave, with a single tierceron rib in addition to the diagonals and ridges also have prominent joints to the panels. Arcade piers are multi-shafted, some of these taken full height on the Sough side, and detail varies slightly between the two arcades, the south being completed some decades later than the north. Triforia have paired double lights, with very varied carved spandrel figures, there is no wall passage in the normal way, but bays are entered from doorways in the roof spaces.

The clerestory has a wall passage, and stepped triple inner arcade. In the first bay adjoining the crossing there are prominent flying buttresses carried through clerestory and triforium levels, these inserted to stabilise the central tower. The 2 west bays have a lower arcade, and transitional detail, with paired triple round-arched openings embellished with chevron and rosettes, under pointed arches, and mixed pointed and round arches to the clerestory inner screen, at the pier junction between old and new bays is some two-coloured stonework of Wulfstan's original build. The large west window is richly glazed in small scale biblical stories.The nave north aisle has simple vaulting, but the south is an unusual combination of quadripartite design plus sets of longitudinal and transverse lierne ribs except for the two west bays. The walls are almost filled with monuments, including in the south side some deep recesses. On the north side the single bay Jesus Chapel is enclosed by a decorative stone screen of the late C19. The entrance from the north porch is provided with a large internal draught lobby. Above the south aisle for its full length is the Cathedral Library, with heavy roof timbers adjusted when new shelving was inserted in the C18. Parts of 2 flying buttresses show within the space, and at the west end the floor is lower, over the Norman bays.

FITTINGS, MONUMENTS, AND STAINED GLASS: Most internal fittings are of the later C19, many by G G Scott, including the bishop's throne, choir reredos, choir stalls (but incorporating late C14 misericords and choir screens, including main open ironwork screen under the crossing arch, organ cases, and the nave pulpit. The chancel pulpit is an octagonal design of 1642, much restored by Scott. There is a 3-bay repositioned C15 stone screen on the North side of the retrochoir, and two openwork iron screens by Skidmore. The nave lectern with gilt angel is a Hardman design, and the font, at the west end of the nave south aisle, is by G F Bodley.

Although fragments of C14 glass remain in some windows of the nave south aisle, most is of the C19, principally by Hardman, including the great window and the main lancets, the large window in the north wall of the west transept is by Lavers and Barraud, as is that in the east bay of the nave North aisle,of 1862, and according to Pevsner 'The best Victorian glass in the cathedral...'. Of special historic interest is a fine memorial 3-light window to Sir Edward Elgar, in the second bay of the nave north aisle (above a C16 monument of the kneeling figure of Lady Abigail, mother to Bishop Goldisburgh).

The cathedral is very rich in commemorative monuments, both free-standing and wall-mounted, including work by Nollekens, Robert Adam, Chantrey, and Westmacott Junior. They are too numerous to be detailed here, but Pevsner (op cit) includes many of them in his description. Outstanding is the chantry chapel to Prince Henry [sic; Prince Arthur is meant], of 1504. This is a very elegant fine stone 'casket' on the south side of the main sanctuary, in lacy open stonework with delicate cresting and pinnacles, it has a complex flat lierne vault with pendants, and very rich stone reredos with many figures and complex canopies: these were defaced and plastered over, but when rescued, much of the detail is seen to remain. On its south side, towards the east transept, the chapel is on two levels, with an intermediate band of shields and other devices in blank panelling, above 2 recesses containing earlier recumbent figures of the Giffard family. Other major monuments include the splendid recumbent effigy to King John, centred below the sanctuary steps, Bishops Walter de Cantelupe and William de Blois in the Lady Chapel sanctuary, the chest tomb to Sir Griffith Ryce, 1523, with very fine in-situ brass top, in the SE transept, Sir John Beauchamp, executed by the 'merciless parliament' in 1388 - a splendid painted chest tomb on a medieval base, and Robert Wylde, 1607/08 (sic), a large multi-coloured chest tomb, these last two in the N and S arcade of the nave, respectively, fourth bay from the crossing. In the eighth bay, near the W end, the large free-standing early Renaissance monuments to Bishop Thornborough, 1641 (N side) and Dean Eades, 1596 (S side) are especially notable. In the N chancel aisle, opposite the Prince Arthur chantry are 2 early monuments, both of early design, with recumbent figures in recesses, of interest since they, with adjacent walling, were left 'unrestored' by Scott, to demonstrate the general state of the building before that action. Among wall monuments some of the more striking are: Bishop Isaac Maddox, 1697-1759, in white and grey marble, with a great urn and weeping supporters over an extended inscription, and Bishop Hough, a Roubiliac design of 1746, in the NW transept and choir aisle, Dean Stillingfleet, 1599, in white marble on a gadrooned base, in the N wall of this transept, Nicholas Billington, 1576, with an esoteric selection of elements, to the right of Jesus Chapel, John Moore, 1615, with his wife Ann and six kneeling figures, with late gothic vaulting over an early Renaissance design (nave, N aisle, to left of porch).

The nave S aisle has a whole series of interesting monuments, including Bishop Blandford, 1675, a bold Baroque design, a recessed tomb chest of 1428 to Judge Littleton, and in the next bay to Bishop Henry Parry, 1616 - this under a medieval canopy, with cusping and mouchettes. Of special local interest is the modest white marble tablet on the W wall of the NW transept to Mrs Henry Wood, 1814/1887, author of the Victorian 'best seller' East Lynn[e].

HISTORY: Worcester in the Middle Ages was an unusually large diocese, including, for instance, both Gloucester and Bristol, it was also unusual in that its Saxon Bishop, Wulfstan, remained in power after the Norman takeover, and it was during his episcopate that the earliest extant parts of the current cathedral - the crypt, nave and W transept - were established. Subsequent Gothic phases were conditioned by the pre-existing work, but the E arm was greatly extended - including a second transept, peculiar to English cathedrals - in the C13, so that the central tower lies almost exactly half-way in the 130m (425ft) length of the structure. Rich in architectural detailing and containing a large number of monuments, both free-standing and as wall tablets, the building has frequently undergone restoration or reconstruction because the soft sandstone used weathers so quickly. Substantial new work, including replacement of window designs, was undertake in the C17 and C18, much damage having been caused also by Parliamentarians, but a major restoration, including replacement of window designs of appropriate type, was effected in the C19. The location is enhanced by its setting by the Severn, but in the C20 the town has been cut off visually and practically by the principal traffic route passing diagonally across the N and E sides of the building. The Pevsner description was written before the later excavation revealed the details of radial chapels to the crypt.

(P Barker: A Short Architectural History of Worcester Cathedral: 1994-; MEDIEVAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE AT WORCESTER CATHEDRAL: 1978-; J Harvey: English Mediaeval Architects: 1954-; N Pevsner: The Buildings of England, Worcestershire: 1968-).
{add list description as source}

NRHE entry contains c40 associated related archive objects; mostly photographic.{24}

This record includes National Record of the Historic Environment Information provided by Historic England on 9th April 2019 licensed under the Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ {24}

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