Record Details
MonUID: | MST41 |
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HER Number: | 00041 |
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Type of record: | Monument |
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Name: | Tutbury Castle |
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Summary
The scheduled and listed structural and below ground remains of Tutbury Castle, which date from the 13th century onwards. Associated with Primary Record Number 00040 (the motte and bailey). The original castle dates from the 11th century, but has been demolished and rebuilt several times. Much of the extant remains are of 14th-15th century date. An 19th century folly is built on the motte.
Monument Type(s):
- BARBICAN (MEDIEVAL to Tudor - 1400 AD to 1499 AD)
- MANSION HOUSE (Elizabethan to Stuart - 1600 AD to 1699 AD)
- FARMSTEAD (Georgian - 1830 AD to 1830 AD)
- FOLLY (Stuart to Georgian - 1700 AD to 1799 AD)
Associated Events:
- EST1658 - Archaeological excavation in the inner bailey, Tutbury Castle as part of programme of archaeological work, 2005. (NRHE Name - Land at Tutbury Castle) (Ref: BA: 1188.2)
- EST1134 - Specialist analysis of the Faunal Remains from Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire.
- EST1130 - Archaeological excavations at Tutbury Castle, Tutbury, 1986 to 1988. (NRHE Name - Tutbury Castle)
- EST1133 - Specialist analysis of the clay tobacco pipes from excavations at Tutbury Castle.
- EST3006 - Geophysical survey of the middle bailey, Tutbury Castle as part of a programme of archaeological work, 2005. (NRHE Name - Land at Tutbury Castle) (Ref: BA: 1188.2 / Report No. 1188.2)
- EST3007 - Topographic survey of the bailey of Tutbury Castle as part of a programme of archaeological work, 2005. (NRHE Name - Land at Tutbury Castle) (Ref: BA: 1188.2)
- EST3008 - Topographic survey of Tutbury park pale, Tutbury Castle as part of a programme of archaeological work, 2005. (NRHE Name - Land at Tutbury Castle) (Ref: BA: 1188.2)
- EST1945 - A programme of archaeological excavation work at Tutbury Castle, June 2007. (NRHE Name - Land at Tutbury Castle) (Ref: PN 1624 / Report No. 1624)
- EST1699 - A programme of archaeological work at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire, May to June 2004. (NRHE Name - Land at tutbury Castle) (Ref: PN 1188 / Report No. 1188)
Protected Status:
- Listed Building (I) 0171/04/002: The Castle
- Scheduled Monument 1006112: Tutbury Castle
Full description
Castle Gatehouse / Castle Ruins / Mansion House / Farmstead: After the original earthwork phase at Tutbury (PRN 00040) there were several stone structural phases: A late 12th century stone chapel comprising nave and chancel; several medieval buildings in the bailey including a former south range, now all demolished; John of Gaunt's gateway, 1313-1314; A stone curtain wall of the southern and eastern side of the bailey, 1420-1442; South tower begun 1442 and completed circa 1450; north tower 1457-1460 on the site of a former tower and close to the original entrance. <1>
The north-east gateway is of 14th century date, the rest is 15th century and later. On the south side the present entrance is through the south wall of the 17th century former King's Lodgings. These were built on the site of the Great Hall and Solar of which portions still remain. To the east is the south tower, actually two adjoining towers of circa 1442-1450. The curtain wall extends north-east to a small tower and beyond to the north tower, built in 1450, and terminates at the 14th century gateway with 15th century towers. Within the bailey are the remains of a Norman chapel. <2>
The castle was founded by Henry de Ferrers. Later the Duchy of Lancaster had possession. Mary Queen of Scots was confined at Tutbury Castle and there have been numerous royal visits including Henry III, Eleanor, Edward II, Henry IV, Henry VI and Margaret. <not sourced>
Folly: The stone structure on top of the motte is an 18th century folly on the site of the former shell keep. Built as a ruin, complete but in perilous condition. Renovated by the Manpower Services Commission Working Party. <Not sourced>
Actual archaeological work within the castle prior to that of 1986-88 is limited to the excavation of the Chapel of St Peter in the 1950s [see PRN 50452]. [1986-88 excavation archives deposited in Stoke Museum 2002]. A house was built on the south side of the castle by Thomas Rawlins in the first half of the seventeenth century. By 1832 the ruins of the castle were being used as a farm. Moseley (1832 'History of Tutbury') mentions the 'rude erection of hovels and pig-sties' along the walls. (JM, 14-May-2003) <7>
The castle was first granted to Hugh d'Avranches by William I, but in 1071 he gave it to Henry de Ferrers. Ferrers used it as an administrative centre and founded the church and priory in the town. The castle was besieged by Henry II in 1174 and although peace was made with the king it was around this time the castle was demolished. It was rebuilt soon after and the hall and chamber in the middle bailey date from this period. The castle passed to the crown after 1266, and then to Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. The castle was demolished again in 1322, following Edmunds rebellion against the crown. It was rebuilt again after about 1350 by John of Gaunt, and since 1399 has belonged to the crown as part of the Duchy of Lancaster. By the end of the middle ages it had fallen into decline, although was still used to imprison Mary Queen of Scots in the 16th century. A three week siege by the parliamentary forces in 1646 finally reduced much of the castle, and the surviving fragmentary remains are mainly of 14th-15th century date. These remains includes sections of the great gate, surrounding walls and towers and parts of the great hall and solar. An early 19th century mock ruin called Julius's tower is sited on top of the motte. (SB, 21-Oct-2004) <8>
Walls relating to a 16th century stone-built extension, to the south of the tower, were discovered. Structures discovered in the area to the north of the tower were the north wall of a range of buildings, running north against the curtain wall, 16th century in date; the south wall of a range of buildings, running south from the north tower to John of Gaunt's gateway, against the curtain wall 16th century in date; the 16th century stone foundations of a timber-framed building just outside the north tower. In the south-west corner of the excavations was a corner of a substantial 16th century building. This has stone foundations which had a timber frame with a plaster floor. Just outside this structure was a further, less substantial, 15th century building. (SB, 22-Dec-2003) <8>
Scheduled Monument Consent was granted in April 2005 for research excavations at the castle in order to increase the understanding of the monument. (SB, 27-Apr-2005) <9>
Excavation in the North Tower produced evidence of activity from the 12th-13th century to the 17th century, including a later medieval cobbled surface that sealed the earlier deposits; clay pipe bowls from these layers suggest a Civil War time frame. A doorway was discovered in the Motte area that may have led into a masonry building - suggesting a later medieval date. (LH, 29-Jun-2007) <13>
Sources and further reading
--- | SST1054 - Written: Ruth Waller (Editor). 1986. An Historical Survey of Tutbury Castle. |
--- | SST270 - Published Book: Timothy Mowl and Dianne Barr. 2009. The Historic Gardens of England: Staffordshire. pages 15-16. |
<1> | SST2060 - Descriptive text: SOMERVILLE R. 1964. TUTBURY CASTLE. |
<2> | SST2812 - Drawn: Unknown. 1984 (?). Tutbury Castle - Annotated Plan. Paper. Re-Survey. |
<3> | SST144 - Aerial Photograph: National Monument Record. 1970s-1980s. National Monument Record Aerial Photograph Collection. Black and White. Oblique. AA50:2845-2855. |
<4> | SST1963 - Photographic: Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. various. 201-219:60. |
<5> | SST1963 - Photographic: Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. various. 699-66:15-68. |
<6> | SST390 - Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 22 NW - 2. |
<7> | SST3817 - Excavation Report: C. M. Welch (Staffordshire County Council). 1992. Tutbury Castle: Summary of Archaeological Work 1986-88. |
<8> | SST2107 - Serial: University of Keele. 1966. North Staffordshire Journal of Field Studies volume 6 (1966). 'The Medieval Castles of Staffordshire' by L.M. Cantor - Page 45. |
<9> | SST1305 - Serial: Society for Medieval Archaeology. 1989. Medieval Archaeology Volume XXXIII (1989). Volume 33 - page 207 (Number 191). |
<10> | SST3723 - Designation Record: Department for Culture Media and Sport / English Heritage. Ongoing-2016. Scheduled Monument Designation Documents, Scheduled Monument Consents and Section 17 Management Agreements. HSD 9/2/7124. |
<11> | SST3937 - Scientific/Specialist Report: Alan K. Outram. ?2000. The Faunal Remains from Tutbury Castle (TC88 and TUMS86). |
<12> | SST3818 - Scientific/Specialist Report: Dr D. A. Higgins (University College, Northampton). 2000. Clay Tobacco Pipes from Excavations at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire, 1986-88. |
<13> | SST4249 - Excavation Report: Helen Martin-Bacon and Mark Kincey (Birmingham Archaeology). 2005. Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire, A Programme of Archaeological Work 2005. |
Related records
50452 | Parent of: Chapel of St Peter, Tutbury Castle (Building) |
00040 | Part of: Tutbury Castle Motte and Bailey (Monument) |
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