Record Details

Summary

Remains of a castle, built in the 13th century, slighted circa 1649. The castle replaced an earlier one that was destroyed by fire in 1266

Monument Type(s):

• CASTLE (Medieval to Post Medieval - 1270 AD to 1649 AD)

Associated Finds:

Protected Status:

• Listed Building (II) 1254810: REMAINS OF SHEFFIELD CASTLE BENEATH CASTLE MARKET (3)

Full Description

<1> Sheffield Castle was sited in a naturally prominent position, at the confluence of the River Sheaf with the River Don. Documentary evidence indicates that a timber castle was constructed on the site c.1100; it was burnt down in 1266 during the rebellion led by Simon de Montfort against Henry III [see Pin 242/01]. In 1270 the castle's then owner, Thomas de Furnival, was given a licence to rebuild in stone and crenellate (add battlements). Unfortunately no plans or illustrations of this castle survive, but documentary records give us some indication of its form:

There was an Inner Court with a great ditch (moat) around it, which contained the principal buildings of the castle, and an Outer Court to the south, which contained barns, stables, a granary, etc. The buildings of the Inner Court included the castle wall, a great gate, great tower, great hall, a chapel, a kitchen, a bakehouse, etc. Surviving documents also give some clues about layout at the castle, for instance an account of works undertaken c.1441-2 describes:

"repairing and mending the way from the Hall to the gate";
"reconstructing a battlement above the Hall, and also doing the masonry of the wall at the end of the kitchen next to the Castle wall";
"taking down (and reconstructing) the old tower within the Castle next to the Chapel"

Much of the material for this rebuilding work came from Sheffield Park, which lay to the east of the castle, across the River Sheaf. Within the Park was a hunting lodge, which by the mid 16th century was becoming increasingly used as the principal residence of the estate. However, the Castle was obviously kept in good order. A description of the funeral of the fifth Earl of Shrewsbury, in 1560, says "the porch going into the hall and the hall also was hanged with black cloth and garnished with scutcheons of arms (shields with the coat of arms displayed). Then the way from the hall to the great chamber was hanged in like manner. The great chamber was hanged from the top to the ground with black cloth." The Earl was buried in the parish church at Sheffield and after the funeral a great dinner for the mourners was served at the castle.

As well as being the main residence for Sheffield's Lords of the Manor from the 12th until the 16th centuries, the castle is notable for being one of the principal places that Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned. Queen Elizabeth charged the sixth Earl of Shrewsbury with Mary's care in 1568 - shortly after Mary had arrived in England; Mary arrived in Sheffield late in 1570 and left in 1584. During that time she was held at the Castle, and occasionally at the Manor Lodge, with even more occasional trips away - such as to Buxton, to take the waters. In 1584, Elizabeth agreed that Mary's care should be transferred elsewhere, but the sixth Earl was present when Mary was executed at Fotheringhay in 1587.

By the outbreak of Civil War in 1642, Sheffield manor & castle had passed to the Howards, Earls of Arundel & Surrey and Dukes of Norfolk. Parliamentarians seized the castle in 1642, but the forces of the Earl of Newcastle took it back in 1643. A garrison, under the command of Sir William Savile, was left in charge of the castle and town. He in turn left Sheffield to the care of Thomas Beaumont, Esq., who held out for 10 days when the castle was besieged by a Parliamentarian force led by Major-General Crawford, for the Earl of Manchester. The Castle was surrendered to the Parliamentarians on the 11th August 1644. On the 30th April 1646 the House of Commons passed a resolution that the castle at Sheffield should be made untenable and a further resolution was passed the following year that it should be dismantled and slighted. From surviving accounts, this appears to have taken place between 1648 and 1649. Materials from the castle were taken to be re-used as building material elsewhere, or on the site; the first detailed plan of Sheffield, Gosling's map of 1736, shows much of the area built over.

Development of the castle site continued in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the construction of a steelworks on part of the Inner Court area and slaughterhouses below it, along the edge of the River Don. Modern redevelopment of the site began c.1916 when the area began to be cleared for the creation of Castle Market (the Corporation of Sheffield having acquired the land from the Duke of Norfolk in 1899) and a Co-operative Society store. Subsequently, following damage to the Co-operative Society store in WWII, the market was extended to the south and, later to the west.

Excavations carried out in 1927-9 (by A. L. Armstrong) on the site of Sheffield Castle revealed building foundations of three periods. The earliest, the remains of a large wooden structure, thought to be of Saxon date, was replaced by a timber castle c. 1100 AD that was burnt down in 1266 AD. A stone castle built in 1270 AD was demolished in 1649-50.

Finds in addition to those of a medieval date, include possible Saxon pottery, some Roman pottery sherds (incl. Samian Ware), and a flint horse shoe scraper probably dating to the Bronze Age.

<2> Excavations (by Armstrong) 1927-9, prior to redevelopment, revealed: remains of a large Anglo Saxon structure [this now disputed as the timbers are not dated and the associated pottery may have been misidentified - was PIN 01401/01. ZN 24/4/15], remains of a timber castle c.1100 (burned 1266) [PIN 242/02], and remains (some preserved) of the stone castle built 1266 remaining from 1649-50. Access to conserved remains is via the manager, Castle Markets. References: Hunter Arch.Soc.Transactions Vol 4, part 1 p.7-27, see O.S. cards.

Other references: <3>, <4>, <5>, <6>, <7>, <8>, <9>, <10>, <11>, <12>.

<13,14> Brief catalogue and review of pottery recovered from excavations at Sheffield Castle and now in Sheffield City Museum.

<15> In advance of demolition of the Castle Markets that overlay the castle site, information relating to previous archaeological recording of the site was re-assessed; the report also included some additional details about the castle site: A subterranean passage was discovered c1868 by workmen blasting through bedrock to construct a sewer. Though partially blocked by debris it was noted to have a ceiling in perfect condition. It was discovered in a shaft sunk from a yard on Castle Hill and southwards towards the market hall. It was not explored and was sealed with a rubble wall. Possibly c6m below the level of the recorded castle courtyard buildings.

<16> The 2014 re-assessment also discussed the timber building identified by Armstrong within the castle compound, which was believed to be the possible location of the aula of Wulfric. This timber structure was c7m long, with large oak timbers resting on stone pads. The dating of this timber structure was based on pottery, which is now believed to have been misidentified and is thought more likely to date to around the 13th century. Also, the building is adjacent to and parallel with a 13th century stone structure. Therefore, it seems more likely to be an internal timber building within Sheffield castle. [This putative early medieval hall was formerly PIN 01401/01. ZN 26/5/15]

<17> A ground penetrating radar survey was undertaken on the upper loading bay, on the northern side of the market buildings, in 2013. Possible wall foundations were identified but the results were uncertain.

<18> In advance of demolition of the Castle Markets that overlay the castle site, archives relating to previous archaeological fieldwork at the site were re-examined. This project helped to establish the quantity and quality of archive material held by Museums Sheffield from the site of Sheffield Castle. The archives examined relate to archaeological investigations carried out at the site of the castle by Albert Leslie Armstrong between 1927 and 1930, by Joseph Himsworth between 1927 and 1942, by Leslie Butcher between 1958 and 1961, and by Pauline Beswick in 1972 and 1990; they comprise artefactual and site records, the latter including paper, drawn and photographic material.

<1> Saich, D, 2002, Sheffield Castle and its survival on the Castle Market site (Unpublished document). SSY402.

<2> South Yorkshire Archaeology Service, c1974-c2003, SMR Card (Unpublished document). SSY213.

<3> Himsworth, J. B., 1965, Eye witness acount of the uncovering of Sheffield Castle (Unpublished document). SSY89.

<4> South Yorkshire Archaeology Field & Research Unit, 1994, Report on an Archaeological Investigation of some Structural Remains of Sheffield Castle, Castle Mkt. (Grey Literature Report). SSY23.

<6> The Hunter Archaeological Society, 1938-43, Transactions of The Hunter Archaeological Society Volume 5, Part 5, p. 269- 278 (Serial). SSY1042.

<7> The Hunter Archaeological Society, 1929-37, Transactions of The Hunter Archaeological Society Volume 4, Part 1 p.7-27 (Serial). SSY85.

<8> The Hunter Archaeological Society, 1925-1928, Transactions of The Hunter Archaeological Society Volume 3, 343-6 (Serial). SSY84.

<9> Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1875-6, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal Volume 4, 16-17 (Serial). SSY83.

<10> Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1967-70, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal Volume 42, 182 (Serial). SSY82.

<11> The Hunter Archaeological Society, 1920-4, Transactions of The Hunter Archaeological Society Volume 2, 8-9; 104-7; 156-7; 350-9 (Serial). SSY249.

<12> The Hunter Archaeological Society, 1944-50, Transactions of The Hunter Archaeological Society Volume 6, p. 79-80 (Serial). SSY164.

<13> Cumberpatch C.G., 2014, Pottery from excavations at Sheffield Castle (Unpublished document). SSY2783.

<14> Cumberpatch C.G., 2002, Catalogue of Pottery from Sheffield Castle (Unpublished document). SSY2782.

<15> EDAS, 2014, Archaeological Evaluation Strategy for Sheffield Castle, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, p41, Fig. 24 (Grey Literature Report). SSY2955.

<16> EDAS, 2014, Archaeological Evaluation Strategy for Sheffield Castle, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, p46, 72, 84 (Grey Literature Report). SSY2955.

<17> Met Surveys, 2013, Castle Market, Sheffield: Archaeological Ground penetrating Radar Survey (Grey Literature Report). SSY3267.

<18> EDAS, 2015, Sheffield Castle, Sheffield, South Yorkshire: Details of 1927-1990 Archives Held by Museums Sheffield (Grey Literature Report). SSY2962.

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